Oclcs webjunction has pulled together information and resources to assist library staff as they consider how to handle coronavirus. Social comparison theory assumes that people tend to evaluate their successes, failures and opinions in relation to others festinger, 1954. As earlier mentioned, social comparison theory festinger, 1954 posits that individuals have a natural drive to compare their own attributes and abilities with the abilities and attributes of others. Read online a theory of social comparison processes leon festinger book pdf free download link book now. Even more so, according to gilbert, price, and allan 1995, the need to compare the self with others is found in many other species as well, and has evolved as a very adaptive mechanism for sizing up ones competitors. Social comparison theory, based on ones drive for selfevaluation, was first coined by leon festinger 1954.
While opinions and abilities may, at first glance, seem to be quite different things, there is a close functional tie between them. From this grant, he was able to write his first document on the social comparison theory and published it in the journal of human relations in 1954. One example is the vast amount of influential research inspired by social identity theory tajfel and turner 1979, which assumes that a large part of a person s identity follows from social comparisons between ingroup and outgroup. This may occur with reference to a physical reality. Festinger based his theory on nine hypotheses see table 4. A theory of social comparison processes show all authors. People make all kinds of judgments about themselves, and one of the key ways that we do this is through social comparison, or analyzing the self in relation to others. However, in the three decades since the publication of this work, social comparison theory has evolved in several ways. With respect to humans, theorizing and research on social comparison can be. The social comparison theory was developed by social psychologist leon festinger. Download a theory of social comparison processes leon festinger book pdf free download link or read online here in pdf. Social comparison theory has evolved considerably since festinger 1954 originally proposed it.
Social comparison theory was first popularized by psychologist leon festinger in 1954 festinger 1954. These subjective ideas only become meaningful in comparison. Social comparison theory an overview sciencedirect topics. A recent test of social information processing theory showed little effect of anonymous social cues on choices of brief tasks kilduff regan, 1988. Explain how the social comparison findings, methodology, and theorizing have evolved since the publication of leon festingers theory in 1954. The impact of facebook on socialcomparison and happiness. Social comparison processes continue to find a central place in many efforts to explain social behavior. There exists, in the human organism, a drive to evaluate his opinions and his abilities. Although interest in the theory has waxed and waned since then goethals, 1986b, social comparison research has enjoyed a resurgence recently. A theory of social comparison processes, retrieved september 12, 2007, from hum. Social comparison theory festinger, 1954 basically posits that in the absence of objective criteria to evaluate our opinions and abilities, there is a drive to seek information from comparison to others. Proses saling mempengaruhi dan perilaku saling bersaing dalam interaksi sosial ditimbulkan oleh adanya kebutuhan untuk menilai diri sendiri selfevaluation kebutuhan ini dapat dipenuhi dengan membandingkan diri dengan orang lain. As noted above, considerations from the early social comparison literature where pressure toward uniformity is the driving force lead us to expect difficulties when students of different levels of academic ability engage in a task in which that ability is relevant to success. Festinger developed social comparison theory in the heyday of group dyna mics, long before the self, attributions, heuristics, and other cognitive mechanisms captured researche rs attention.
Leon festingers social comparison theory the psychology. It has been widely acknowledged that social comparison is a central feature of human social life. Social comparison theory wikipedia, the free encyclopedia. View social comparison theory research papers on academia. That is, the theory was elaborated primarily as a social one, such that the need for selfevaluation under conditions of information ambiguity leads people to. Social comparison theory was first proposed in 1954 by psychologist leon festinger and suggested that people have an innate drive to evaluate themselves, often in comparison to others. These images may be a reference to physical reality or in comparison to other people.
Plato spoke of selfunderstanding and absolute standards. The social comparison theory what is the social comparison theory. Social comparison theory and drive for self evaluation. The theory is a term referring to the process through which people come to know themselves by evaluating their own attitudes, abilities, and beliefs in comparison with others cherry, n. You can be signed in via any or all of the methods shown below at the same time. May 1, 1954 this article is part of the following special collections. Social comparison theory proposes that we use social comparisons to construct our selfconcept, especially when we have no other objective standard available to us festinger, 1954. Contributors describe how the original social comparison theory formulated by leon festinger in the early 1950s has been modified as a result of new insights from attribution, social cognition, and self theories. All books are in clear copy here, and all files are secure so dont worry about it. Individuals tend to select social comparisons who are slightly better than themselves festinger, 1954. Festingers social comparison theory psychology essay. Among the social psychologists, festinger was the first to use the term social comparison, although it must be made clear that the general idea didnt come from him alone.
Sct proposes that there is a primitive drive within individuals to compare themselves with others in order to evaluate their own opinions and abilities. The theory of social comparison, developed by leon festinger in 1954, is a set of hypotheses, corollaries, and deviations concerned with why, with whom, and to. Social comparison teori perbandingan sosial festinger 1950, 1954. Write about the interaction between affect and social comparison.
Pdf a theory of social comparison processes semantic. People sometimes compare themselves to others as a way of. But from the perspective of social comparison theory festinger, 1954 people faced. Deutsch and gerard 1955 defined normative social influence as influence to conform to the.
The theory explains how individuals evaluate their own opinions and abilities by comparing themselves to others in order to reduce uncertainty in these domains, and learn how to define the self. The social comparison theory was initially proposed by social psychologist leon festinger in 1954. Social comparison theory in psychology verywell mind. When psychologists think of social comparison theory, they initially recall leon festingers classic paper on a theory of social comparison processes. Social comparison theory social comparison theory focuses on the human need to selfevaluate. They act together in the manner in which they affect behavior. The development of social comparison hinged on several sociopsychological processes, and in order to create this theory, festinger was influenced by research that focused on social. Social comparison theory states that individuals determine their own social and personal worth based on how they stack up against others. Social comparison of abilities at an elite college. A theory of social comparison processes leon festinger, 1954. The old one states that members of a particular group would want to be parallel with each other because a uniform agreement must be made so that the group is able to come up with a common decision. This grant was part of the research program of the laboratory for research in social relations, which developed the social comparison theory festinger, 1954.
In this paper we shall present a further development of a previously published theory concerning opinion influence processes in social groups 7. How do you know if you are shy, competitive, rich, anxious, or anything else. According to social comparison theory, individuals need to evaluate their accomplishments, and they do so by comparing themselves to similar individuals festinger, 1954. This study examined the implications for social comparison theory of the proposition that women have lower selfconfidence than men when there is a socially defined standard of performance. Teori perbandingan sosial festinger1950, 1954 menyebutkanbahwateori perbandingansosial prosessalingmempengaruhi. A theory of social comparison processes leon festinger. Social comparison festinger, 1954 can be defined as the process of thinking about information about one or more other people in relation to the self wood, 1996. It could then be concluded that observation is an important element in comparison. A persons cognition his opinions and beliefs about the situation in which he exists and his.
The intellectual parent of the comparison process comes from social comparison theory e. Social comparison theory festinger was the first to coin the term social comparison however, the general concepts can be traced back to aristotle and plato. Theory and research concerning social comparisons of. The theory proposes that individuals have an internal drive to evaluate their own opinions and desires by comparing themselves to others.
In 1954, festinger proposed a theory of social comparison based on this insight. Sign in here to access free tools such as favourites and alerts, or to access. People look to the images portrayed by others to be obtainable and realistic, and subsequently, make comparisons. Leon festinger 1954, holds that we learn about our own abilities and attitudes by comparing ourselves to other people. Social comparison theory social comparison theory the social comparison theory was proposed by the social psychologist leon festinger in 1954. The accelerating pace of social comparison research, to which this book attests, suggests that we wont have to wait another dozen years for the next significant development.
Introduced in 1954 by leon festinger, the theory explains how humans, in order to evaluate themselves, will compare themselves to others. Numerous and frequentlyupdated resource results are available from this search. Reliable information about the coronavirus covid19 is available from the world health organization current situation, international travel. Comparison approach to organizational choice under what circumstances does social information affect choices.